An insightful exploration of the key aspects concerning the chemical analysis of antibiotic residues in foodThe presence of excess residues from frequent antibiotic use in animals is not only illegal, but can pose serious health risks by contaminating products for human consumption such as meat and milk. Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food is a single-source reference for readers interested in the development of analytical methods for analyzing antibiotic residues in food. It covers themes that include quality assurance and quality control, antibiotic chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, distribution, food safety regulations, and chemical analysis. In addition, the material presented includes background information valuable for understanding the choice of marker residue and target animal tissue to use for regulatory analysis. This comprehensive reference:* Includes topics on general issues related to screening and confirmatory methods* Presents updated information on food safety regulation based on routine screening and confirmatory methods, especially LC-MS* Provides general guidance for method development, validation, and estimation of measurement uncertaintyChemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food is written and organized with a balance between practical use and theory to provide laboratories with a solid and reliable reference on antibiotic residue analysis. Thorough coverage elicits the latest scientific findings to assist the ongoing efforts toward refining analytical methods for producing safe foods of animal origin.

Preface xvAcknowledgment xviiEditors xixContributors xxi1 Antibiotics: Groups and Properties 1Philip Thomas Reeves1.1 Introduction, 11.2 Antibiotic Groups and Properties, 31.3 Major Groups of Antibiotics, 81.4 Restricted and Prohibited Uses of Antimicrobial Agents in Food Animals, 521.5 Conclusions, 52Acknowledgments, 53References, 532 Pharmacokinetics, Distribution, Bioavailability, and Relationship to Antibiotic Residues 61Peter Lees and Pierre-Louis Toutain2.1 Introduction, 612.2 Principles of Pharmacokinetics, 612.3 Administration, Distribution, and Metabolism of Drug Classes, 672.4 Setting Guidelines for Residues by Regulatory Authorities, 812.5 Definition, Assessment, Characterization, Management, and Communication of Risk, 822.6 Residue Violations: Their Significance and Prevention, 942.7 Further Considerations, 98References, 1043 Antibiotic Residues in Food and Drinking Water, and Food Safety Regulations 111Kevin J. Greenlees, Lynn G. Friedlander, and Alistair Boxall3.1 Introduction, 1113.2 Residues in Food--Where is the Smoking Gun?, 1113.3 How Allowable Residue Concentrations Are Determined, 1133.4 Indirect Consumer Exposure to Antibiotics in the Natural Environment, 1173.5 Summary, 120References, 1214 Sample Preparation: Extraction and Clean-up 125Alida A. M. (Linda) Stolker and Martin Danaher4.1 Introduction, 1254.2 Sample Selection and Pre-treatment, 1264.3 Sample Extraction, 1274.4 Extraction Techniques, 1284.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions, 144References, 1465 Bioanalytical Screening Methods 153Sara Stead and Jacques Stark5.1 Introduction, 1535.2 Microbial Inhibition Assays, 1545.3 Rapid Test Kits, 1645.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor Technology, 1745.5 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), 1785.6 General Considerations Concerning the Performance Criteria for Screening Assays, 1815.7 Overall Conclusions on Bioanalytical Screening Assays, 181Abbreviations, 182References, 1826 Chemical Analysis: Quantitative and Confirmatory Methods 187Jian Wang and Sherri B. Turnipseed6.1 Introduction, 1876.2 Single-Class and Multi-class Methods, 1876.3 Chromatographic Separation, 1956.4 Mass Spectrometry, 200Acknowledgment, 219Abbreviations, 220References, 2207 Single-Residue Quantitative and Confirmatory Methods 227Jonathan A. Tarbin, Ross A. Potter, Alida A. M. (Linda) Stolker, and Bjorn Berendsen7.1 Introduction, 2277.2 Carbadox and Olaquindox, 2277.3 Ceftiofur and Desfuroylceftiofur, 2307.4 Chloramphenicol, 2337.5 Nitrofurans, 2367.6 Nitroimidazoles and Their Metabolites, 2397.7 Sulfonamides and Their N4-Acetyl Metabolites, 2417.8 Tetracyclines and Their 4-Epimers, 2447.9 Miscellaneous, 2467.10 Summary, 252Abbreviations, 253References, 2548 Method Development and Method Validation 263Jack F. Kay and James D. MacNeil8.1 Introduction, 2638.2 Sources of Guidance on Method Validation, 2638.3 The Evolution of Approaches to Method Validation for Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, 2668.4 Method Performance Characteristics, 2688.5 Components of Method Development, 2688.6 Components of Method Validation, 2748.7 Performance Characteristics Assessed during Method Development and Confirmed during Method Validation for Quantitative Methods, 2758.8 Significant Figures, 2898.9 Final Thoughts, 289References, 2899 Measurement Uncertainty 295Jian Wang, Andrew Cannavan, Leslie Dickson, and Rick Fedeniuk9.1 Introduction, 2959.2 General Principles and Approaches, 2959.3 Worked Examples, 297References, 32510 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 327Andrew Cannavan, Jack F. Kay, and Bruno Le Bizec10.1 Introduction, 32710.2 Quality Management, 32910.3 Conformity Assessment, 33110.4 Guidelines and Standards, 33310.5 Quality Control in the Laboratory, 33610.6 Conclusion, 344References, 344Index 347