Quantum Theory, together with the principles of special and general relativity, constitute a scientific revolution that has profoundly influenced the way in which we think about the universe and the fundamental forces that govern it. The Historical Development of Quantum Theory is a definitive historical study of that scientific work and the human struggles that accompanied it from the beginning. Drawing upon such materials as the resources of the Archives for the History of Quantum Physics, the Niels Bohr Archives, and the archives and scientific correspondence of the principal quantum physicists, as well as Jagdish Mehra's personal discussions over many years with most of the architects of quantum theory, the authors have written a rigorous scientific history of quantum theory in a deeply human context. This multivolume work presents a rich account of an intellectual triumph: a unique analysis of the creative scientific process. The Historical Development of Quantum Theory is science, history, and biography, all wrapped in the story of a great human enterprise. Its lessons will be an aid to those working in the sciences and humanities alike.

The Historical Development of Quantum Theory is a definitive historical study of that scientific work and the human struggles that accompanied it from the beginning.

I The Rediscovery of a Mathematical Tool.- I.1 Max Born's Interpretation of Heisenberg's Quantum Condition.- I.2 The Development of Matrix Calculus.- I.3 Early Applications of Matrix Methods in Physics.- I.4 Born's New Collaborator: Pascual Jordan.- II Matching the Tools and the Task.- II.1 The Programme of Matrix Mechanics.- II.2 Operations with Matrices.- II.3 Dynamical Laws and Energy Conservation.- II.4 An Example of Discrete Mechanics: The Oscillator.- II.5 Preliminary Remarks on Radiation.- III Completion of the Matrix Scheme.- III.1 The Three-Man Collaboration.- III.2 Towards a New Perturbation Theory.- III.3 Several Degrees of Freedom and Degeneracy.- III.4 Born's Idée Fixe and a Letter to Niels Bohr.- III.5 The Eigenvalue Problem and the Transformation to Principal Axes.- III.6 Continuous Spectra and the Significance of the Transformation Matrix.- IV The Success of Matrix Mechanics.- IV.1 The Treatment of Dispersion Phenomena.- IV.2 Fluctuations in Cavity Radiation.- IV.3 The Conservation of Angular Momentum.- IV.4 Wolfgang Pauli's Conversion.- IV.5 The Solution of the Hydrogen Problem.- IV.6 The Problems of Intensities and the Diatomic Molecule.- V Modifications and Extensions of Matrix Mechanics.- V.1 Nonmechanical Stress versus Spin.- V.2 Field-Like Representation of Quantum Mechanics.- V.3 The Operator Mechanics.- V.4 Multiply Periodic Systems: Action-Angle Variables and the Method of Complex Integration.- V.5 The Electron Spin, Fine Structure and Anomalous Zeeman Effects.- V.6 Key to the Helium Problem.- References.- Author Index.