Handbook of Psychobiology presents an integrative overview of psychobiology and covers topics ranging from pathways in the central nervous system to principles of neuronal development; chemical pathways in the brain; the role of neurotransmitters in the regulation of behavior; and the biological basis of memory. Vertebrate sensory and motor systems are also discussed, along with the psychobiology of attention and neurological aspects of learning. This handbook consists of 21 chapters divided into four sections and opens with an introduction to neural mechanisms underlying the behavior of invertebrates, followed by a comparison of the visual behavior of humans and arthropods. The next sections explore the chemistry of behavior, the sensory and motor systems of vertebrates, and integration and regulation in the brain. Visual perception and visual coding, central auditory processing, and auditory localization are considered, together with motor coordination, neurophysiological aspects of dreaming, cognition, and language. The final chapter is devoted to some of the philosophical issues surrounding perception. This monograph will be of value to psychologists, biologists, physiologists, and others in fields ranging from biochemistry and linguistics to invertebrate neurophysiology and perceptual phenomenology.

List of ContributorsPrefacePart I. Foundations of Psychobiology Chapter 1 Neural Mechanisms Underlying Behavior of Invertebrates Introduction Strategies Neuronal Machinery Controlling Behavior Conclusions References Chapter 2 Similarities in the Visual Behavior of Arthropods and Men Introduction Keeping Still Looking Around Locating Targets Tracking Conclusions References Chapter 3 Anatomical Methods for Tracing Connections in the Central Nervous System Introduction Preparation of the Material Study of Pathways in Normal Brains Experimental Methods for the Tracing of Pathways Operative Procedures Stereotaxic Atlases References Chapter 4 The Perfectible Brain: Principles of Neuronal Development Introduction: Invariant and Variable Components of the Nervous System Two Neuronal Archetypes: Macroneurons and Microneurons Determinants of Neuronal Invariance Determinants of Neuronal Variability ReferencesPart II. The Chemistry of Behavior Chapter 5 Chemical Pathways in the Brain Introduction Distribution of NA, DA, and 5-HT Distribution of ACh Esterase Distribution of GAB A and Glycine References Chapter 6 Central Neurotransmitters and the Regulation of Behavior Introduction Dopamine Noradrenaline Acetylcholine Transmitter Interactions Problems for Future Studies References Chapter 7 Biochemical Approaches to the Biological Basis of Memory Introduction Current Status of Knowledge Tentative Guidelines for Recognizing Learning- Related Cerebral Neurochemical Events Future Directions for Research in this Area ReferencesPart III. Vertebrate Sensory and Motor Systems Chapter 8 Central Visual Processing The Trigger Feature Hypothesis The Visual Pathway Patterns of Synthesis References Chapter 9 What Does Visual Perception Tell Us about Visual Coding Introduction Simultaneous and Successive Contrast Adaptation during Very Steady Fixation Contingent Aftereffects Neurophysiological Models of Simple Aftereffects Spatial Frequency Response: Luminance Gratings Spatial Frequency Analysis Feature Detection Higher Perceptual Processes References Chapter 10 Central Auditory Processing Introduction Cochlear Nucleus Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate Body Auditory Cortex Central Auditory Processing: Conclusion References Chapter 11 Auditory Localization Introduction Classic Experiments Role of Orientation References Chapter 12 The Somatosensory System Models of the Brain The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System References Chapter 13 The Chemical Senses: A Systematic Approach The Parameters: Two Approaches Related Problem Areas General Summary References Chapter 14 Motor Coordination: Central and Peripheral Control during Eye-Head Movement Introduction Structure of Eye-Head Motor Coordination Triggered Eye-Head Movements Central Programming of Eye-Head Movements: Electromyographic Findings Interactions between the Central Program and Afferent Reflex Activity Compensatory Eye Movements Strategies of Motor Coordination ReferencesPart IV. Integration and Regulation in the Brain Chapter 15 Psychobiology of Attention Introduction Alertness Selective Attention Conscious Processing Summary References Chapter 16 Some Trends in the Neurological Study of Learning Introduction Approaches to the Study of the Neural Basis of Learning Learning after Removal of Nervous Tissue Environment, Learning, and the Brain Sleep as a Pattern of Brain Organization Necessary for Fixation of Learning Conclusion References Chapter 17 The Function of Dreaming: A Neurophysiologists Point of View A Neurophysiological Dissection of Dreaming and Its Priming Mechanism The Evolution of Dreaming The Function of Dreaming References Chapter 18 Cognition and Peripheralist-Centralist Controversies in Motivation and Emotion Introduction The Experiment The Effects of the Manipulations on Emotional State Peripheral and Central Theories of Emotion and Motivation A Reexamination of Cannon's Critique of Visceral Formulation of Emotion References Chapter 19 Brain Mechanisms and Behavior Brain Bisection: A General Review Partial Commissurotomy and Cerebral Localization of Function Mapping the Flow of Cognitive Information with Commissurotomy Cerebral Dynamics and Mental Functions Recovery of Function Cortical Mass and Cognitive Capability References Chapter 20 On the Origins of Language Introduction Iconic and Symbolic Communication Experimental Anthropology Laboratory-Field Combination Words Invented Words Aesthetics and the Discovery of Basic Causal Relations Conclusion References Chapter 21 Do We Need Cognitive Concepts Introduction Some Theory-Laden Terms Evidence for Cognitive Processes Cognitive Theories of Perception Computer Analogies-The Artificial Intelligence (AI) Approach What Is Cognition Conclusion ReferencesSubject Index