Neural Models of Language Processes offers an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the nature of human language and the means whereby we use it. The book is organized into five parts. Part I provides an opening framework that addresses three tasks: to place neurolinguistics in current perspective; to provide two case studies of aphasia; and to discuss the ""rules of the game"" of the various disciplines that contribute to this volume. Part II on artificial intelligence (AI) and processing models discusses the contribution of AI to neurolinguistics. The chapters in this section introduce three AI systems for language perception: the HWIM and HEARSAY systems that proceed from an acoustic input to a semantic interpretation of the utterance it represents, and Marcus9 system for parsing sentences presented in text. Studying these systems demonstrates the virtues of implemented or implementable models. Part III on linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives includes studies such as nonaphasic language behavior and the linguistics and psycholinguistics of sign language. Part IV examines neurological perspectives such as the neuropathological basis of Broca's aphasia and the simulation of speech production without a computer. Part V on neuroscience and brain theory includes studies such as the histology, architectonics, and asymmetry of language areas; hierarchy and evolution in neurolinguistics; and perceptual-motor processes and the neural basis of language.

List of ContributorsPrefaceI An Opening Perspective 1 Neurolinguistics in Historical Perspective Introduction Early Observation and Theory The Transition to Modernity The Diagram Makers Problems and Attacks Where Were We in 1908 and in 1958? Representations, Processes, and Instantiations Coda References 2 Two Case Studies: Broca's and Wernicke's Aphasia Introduction The Western Aphasia Battery and Classification Localization of Lesions The Syndromes Case Presentations Conclusion References 3 Brain and Language: The Rules of the Game Anatomical and Evolutive Aspects of Behavior Physiology of Language The Visible and the Invisible Aspects of Brain Activities and Behavior Information Processing Analysis Artificial Models, Theories, and Language Processing Brain and Language Theories: A History of Disparity ReferencesII Artificial Intelligence and Processing Models 4 From Artificial Intelligence to Neurolinguistics Introduction Syntax as a Symptom of Translation Planning as an Ongoing Process Toward a C2 Methodology for Neurolinguistics ATNS, Broca's Aphasia, and the Evolutionary Substrate Conclusion References 5 HWIM: A Speech Understanding System on a Computer Incremental Simulation of Human Speech Understanding The HWIM System A Sample Analysis of an Utterance References 6 Consequences of Functional Deficits in a Parsing Model: Implications for Broca's Aphasia A Sketch of the Language Understanding System The Parser Hypothetical Deficit 1Loss of Closed Class Lexicon Conclusion References 7 Production Strategies: A Systems Approach to Wernicke's Aphasia Wernicke's Aphasia Seen as a Processing Deficit, Not as a Knowledge Loss Jargonaut, a Research Tool in Language Processing Neural Machines and Fuzzing Effects How Errors Are Generated The Effect of Lesions upon the Fuzzied System: Distorting Transformations Appendix ReferencesIII Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Perspectives 8 Three Perspectives for the Analysis of Aphasic Syndromes On Modeling Linguistic CapacitySome General Considerations A Grammatical Analysis of Agrammatism Two Processing Analyses of Agrammatism Conclusion References 9 The Use of Data from Aphasia in Constructing a Performance Model of Language Grammatical and Processing Accounts of Broca's Aphasia Access to Features of Structure and Meaning and Some On-Line Considerations Some Other Issues for Future Research References 10 Remarks on the Relation between Language Production and Language Comprehension Systems Introduction Structural Targets in Production and Comprehension Using the Lexicon for Recognition and Recall Phrasal Structure Organization of Production and Comprehension Systems Conclusion References 11 Shared Components of Production and Perception Shared Syntactic Knowledge Shared Processing Units Shared Complexity Rankings References 12 The Translational Hierarchy of Language Introduction Evidence from Language Pathology Linguistic Theory Competence and Performance Conduction Aphasia Nonlesion Evidence The Mind-Body Problem The Problem of Control Relational Networks and Aphasia Some Illustrations Summary References 13 Prospects for the Study of Aphasia in a Visual-Gestural Language Introduction The Structure of a Visual-Gestural Language Background to the Study of Aphasia in Deaf Signers Issues in the Study of Aphasia in Deaf Signers ReferencesIV Neurological Perspectives 14 The Neuropathological Basis of Broca's Aphasia and Its Implications for the Cerebral Control of Speech Evidence from Neuropathological Studies Anatomical and Physiological Studies The Cortical Mediation of SpeechAn Alternative Model References 15 Localization of Lesions in Fluent Aphasies Introduction Localization in Wernicke's Aphasia Lesions in Neologistic Jargon Lesions in Semantic Jargon Transcortical Sensory Aphasia Pure Word Deafness Conduction Aphasia Mumbling Jargon Undifferentiated Jargon Conclusion References 16 Simulation of Speech Production without a Computer Process Control and Motivation in Glossolalia: Comments on Lecours' Presentation by Pierre Lavorel References 17 The Neurology of Reading Disorders What Is Reading? What Is a Reading Disorder? Acquired Reading Disorders (Alexias) References 18 What Is a Symptom-Complex? Introduction Syndromes in Practice Modifications within the Clinical Paradigm A Little History Two Syndromes Conclusion References 19 Reconciling the Categories: Representation in Neurology and in LinguisticsV Neuroscience and Brain Theory 20 Histology, Architectonics, and Asymmetry of Language Areas General Principles of Architectonic Organization Broca's Region Wernicke's Region Other Language Areas References 21 Hierarchy and Evolution in Neurolinguistics Microgenesis and Modularity Maturation and Aphasia The Nature of Agrammatism The Defect in Motor Aphasia The Defect in Posterior Aphasia The Role of the Right Hemisphere Perceptuomotor Systems and Language Representation Mind and Microgenesis References 22 Organization of Frontal Association Cortex in Normal and Experimentally Brain-Injured Primates Modular Organization of Cortical Connections Recovery of Associative Functions after Brain Damage References 23 Implications of Simulated Lesion Experiments for the Interpretation of Lesions in Real Nervous Systems Introduction Anderson's Model of Associative Memory Simulated Lesion Experiments Implications for the Interpretation of Real Lesion Experiments References 24 Confrontation Naming: Computational Model and Disconnection Simulation Qualitative Model Outline Processing Dynamics Neural Basis Assumptions for Simulation Lesioning Model Results Deficiencies Accomplishments References 25 Perceptual-Motor Processes and the Neural Basis of Language Introduction Jacksonian Levels and Cooperative Computation From the Action-Perception Cycle to Conversation From Prey Selection to Object Naming Conclusion ReferencesIndex