When we understand that something is a pot, is it because of one property that all pots share? This seems unlikely, but without this common essence, it is difficult to see how we could teach someone to use the word "pot" or to see something as a pot. The Buddhist apoha theory tries to resolve this dilemma, first, by rejecting properties such as "potness" and, then, by claiming that the element uniting all pots is their very difference from all non-pots. In other words, when we seek out a pot, we select an object that is not a non-pot, and we repeat this practice with all other items and expressions.Writing from the vantage points of history, philosophy, and cognitive science, the contributors to this volume clarify the nominalist apoha theory and explore the relationship between apoha and the scientific study of human cognition. They engage throughout in a lively debate over the theory's legitimacy. Classical Indian philosophers challenged the apoha theory's legitimacy, believing instead in the existence of enduring essences. Seeking to settle this controversy, essays explore whether apoha offers new and workable solutions to problems in the scientific study of human cognition. They show that the work of generations of Indian philosophers can add much toward the resolution of persistent conundrums in analytic philosophy and cognitive science.

PrefaceIntroduction, by Arindam Chakrabarti and Mark Siderits1. How to Talk About Ineffable Things: Dignaga and Dharmakirti on Apoha, by Tom Tillemans2. Dignaga's Apoha Theory: Its Presuppositions and Main Theoretical Implications, by Ole Pind3. Key Features of Dharmakirti's Apoha Theory, by John D. Dunne4. Dharmakirti's Discussion of Circularity, by Pascale Hugon5. Apoha Theory as an Approach to Understanding Human Cognition, by Shoryu Katsura6. The Apoha Theory as Referred to in the Nyayamañjari, by Masaaki Hattori7. Constructing the Content of Awareness Events, by Parimal G. Patil8. The Apoha Theory of Meaning: A Critical Account, by Prabal Kumar Sen9. Apoha as a Naturalized Account of Concept Formation, by Georges Dreyfus10. Apoha, Feature-Placing, and Sensory Content, by Jonardon Ganeri11. Funes and Categorization in an Abstraction-Free World, by Amita Chatterjee12. Apoha Semantics: Some Simpleminded Questions and Doubts, by Bob Hale13. Classical Semantics and Apoha Semantics, by Brendan S. Gillon14. Srughna by Dusk, by Mark SideritsBibliographyList of ContributorsIndex