Our modern-day word for sympathy is derived from the classical Greek word for fellow-feeling. Both in the vernacular as well as in the various specialist literatures within philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, economics, and history, "sympathy" and "empathy" are routinely conflated. In practice, they are also used to refer to a large variety of complex, all-too-familiar social phenomena: for example, simultaneous yawning or the giggles.Moreover, sympathy is invoked to address problems associated with social dislocation and political conflict. It is, then, turned into a vehicle toward generating harmony among otherwise isolated individuals and a way for them to fit into a larger whole, be it society and the universe.This volume offers a historical overview of some of the most significant attempts to come to grips with sympathy in Western thought from Plato to experimental economics. The contributors are leading scholars in philosophy, classics, history, economics, comparative literature, and political science.Sympathy is originally developed in Stoic thought. It was also taken up by Plotinus and Galen. There are original contributed chapters on each of these historical moments. Use for the concept was re-discovered in the Renaissance. And the volume has original chapters not just on medical and philosophical Renaissance interest in sympathy, but also on the role of antipathy in Shakespeare and the significance of sympathy in music theory.Inspired by the influence of Spinoza, sympathy plays a central role in the great moral psychologies of, say, Anne Conway, Leibniz, Hume, Adam Smith, and Sophie De Grouchy during the eighteenth century. The volume offers an introduction to key background concepts that are often overlooked in many of the most important philosophies of the early modern period.About a century ago the idea of Einfühlung (or empathy) was developed in theoretical philosophy, then applied in practical philosophy and the newly emerging scientific disciplines of psychology. Moreover, recent economists have rediscovered sympathy in part experimentally and, in part by careful re-reading of the classics of the field.

ContentsList of IllustrationsContributorsSeries Editor's ForewordEditor's AcknowledgmentsIntroduction: On SympathyEric Schliesser1. Stoic SympathyRené Brouwer2. Plotinus on sympatheiaEyjólfur Kjalar EmilssonReflection: Galen's SympathyBrooke Holmes3. Sympathy in the RenaissanceAnn MoyerReflection: Music and SympathyGiuseppe Gerbino4. Seventeenth-Century Universal Sympathy: StoicismPlatonism, Leibniz, and ConwayChristia MercerReflection: "Take physic, pomp": King Lear Learns SympathySarah Skwire5. Spinoza's Parallelism Doctrine and Metaphysical SympathyKarolina Hübner6. The Eighteenth-Century Context of Sympathyfrom Spinoza to KantRyan HanleyReflection: Theaters of Sympathy in FranceJulie Candler Hayes7. Hume and Smith on Sympathy, Approbationand Moral JudgmentGeoffrey Sayre-MccordReflection: Tracing a Line of Sympathy for Nature in Goethe'sWahlverwandtschaftenElizabeth Millán8. Sympathy in Schopenhauer and NietzscheBernard Reginster9. From Einfühlung to Empathy: Sympathy in EarlyPhenomenology and PsychologyRemy Debes10. Sympathy Caught Between Darwin and EugenicsDavid M. Levy & SandraPeart11. Fair and Impartial Spectators in Experimental EconomicBehavior: Using Sympathy to Derive ActionVernon L. Smith & Bart J. Wilson