In recent years, species and ecosystems have been threatened by many anthropogenic factors manifested in local and global declines of populations and species. Although we consider conservation medicine an emerging field, the concept is the result of the long evolution of transdisciplinary thinking within the health and ecological sciences and the better understanding of the complexity within these various fields of knowledge. Conservation medicine was born from the cross fertilization of ideas generated by this new transdisciplinary design. It examines the links among changes in climate, habitat quality, and land use; emergence and re-emergence of infectious agents, parasites and environmental contaminants; and maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functions as they sustain the health of plant and animal communities including humans.During the past ten years, new tools and institutional initiatives for assessing and monitoring ecological health concerns have emerged: landscape epidemiology, disease ecological modeling and web-based analytics. New types of integrated ecological health assessment are being deployed; these efforts incorporate environmental indicator studies with specific biomedical diagnostic tools. Other innovations include the development of non-invasive physiological and behavioral monitoring techniques; the adaptation of modern molecular biological and biomedical techniques; the design of population level disease monitoring strategies; the creation of ecosystem-based health and sentinel species surveillance approaches; and the adaptation of health monitoring systems for appropriate developing country situations. New Directions of Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health addresses these issues with relevant case studies and detailed applied examples. New Directions of Conservation Medicine challenges the notion that human health is an isolated concern removed from the bounds of ecology and species interactions. Human health, animal health, and ecosystem health are moving closer together and at some point, it will be inconceivable that there was ever a clear division.

Foreword: Planet DoctorsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsContributorsPart One: Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice1. Conservation Medicine: Ontogeny of an Emerging DisciplineA. Alonso Aguirre, Gary M. Tabor, and Richard S. Ostfeld2. Ecohealth: Connecting Ecology, Health, and SustainabilityBruce A. Wilcox, A. Alonso Aguirre, and Pierre Horwitz3. One Health, One MedicineLaura H. Kahn, Thomas P. Monath, Bob H. Bokma, E. Paul Gibbs, and A. Alonso Aguirre4. Biodiversity and Human HealthAaron Bernstein5. An Ecosystem Service of Biodiversity: The Protection of Human Health Against Infectious DiseaseFelicia Keesing and Richard S. Ostfeld6. Parasite Conservation, Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem HealthAndres Gomez, Elizabeth S. Nichols, and Susan L. Perkins7. Stress and Immunosuppression as Factors in the Decline and Extinction of Wildlife Populations: Concepts, Evidence, and ChallengesHeribert Hofer and Marion L. EastPart Two: Anthropogenic Change and Conservation Medicine8. Climate Change and Infectious Disease DynamicsRaina K. Plowright, Paul C. Cross, Gary M. Tabor, Emily Almberg, Leslie Bienen, and Peter J. Hudson9. Wildlife Health in a Changing North: A Model for Global Environmental ChangeMorten Tryland, Susan Kutz, and Patricia Curry10. Habitat Fragmentation and Infectious Disease EcologyGerardo Suzan, Fernando Esponda, Roberto Carrasco-Hernandez, and A. Alonso Aguirre11. Wildlife Trade and the Spread of DiseaseKatherine F. Smith, Lisa M. Schloegel, and Gail E. Rosen12. Bushmeat and Infectious Disease EmergenceMatt hew LeBreton, Brian L. Pike, Karen E. Saylors, Joseph Le Doux Diffo, Joseph N. Fair, Anne W. Rimoin, Nancy Ortiz, Cyrille F. Djoko, Ubald Tamoufe, and Nathan D. Wolfe13. Human Migration, Border Controls, and Infectious Disease EmergenceAnne M. Alexander, David C. Finnoff , and Jason F. ShogrenPart Three: Emerging Infectious Diseases and Conservation Medicine14. Are Bats Exceptional Viral Reservoirs?Kevin J. Olival, Jonathan H. Epstein, Lin-Fa Wang, Hume E. Field, and Peter Daszak15. SARS: A Case Study for Factors Driving Disease EmergenceWolfgang Preiser16. H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Breaking the Rules in Disease EmergenceThijs Kuiken and Timm Harder17. Bartonellosis: An Emerging Disease of Humans, Domestic Animals, and WildlifeRicardo G. Maggi, Craig A. Harms, and Edward B. Breitschwerdt18. Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis Infections in Marine MammalsJacques Godfroid, Ingebj?rg Helena Nymo, Morten Tryland, Axel Cloeckaert, Thierry Jauniaux, Adrian M. Whatmore, Edgardo Moreno, and Geoffrey Foster19. Infectious Cancers in WildlifeHamish McCallum and Menna Jones20. From Protozoan Infection in Monarch Butterflies to Colony Collapse Disorder in Bees: Are Emerging Infectious Diseases Proliferating in the Insect World?Rebecca Bartel and Sonia Altizer21. Fungal Diseases in Neotropical Forests Disturbed by HumansJulieta Benitez-Malvido22. Emerging Infectious Diseases in Fisheries and AquacultureE. Scott Philip Weber III23. Southern Sea Otters as Sentinels for Land-Sea Pathogens and PollutantsDavid A. Jessup and Melissa A. MillerPart Four: Ecotoxicology and Conservation Medicine24. Ecotoxicology: Bridging Wildlife, Humans, and EcosystemsJeffrey M. Levengood and Val R. Beasley25. Wildlife Toxicology: Environmental Contaminants and Their National and International RegulationK. Christiana Grim, Anne Fairbrother, and Barnett A. Rattner26. Marine Biotoxins: Emergence of Harmful Algal Blooms as Health Threats to Marine WildlifeSpencer E. Fire and Frances M. Van Dolah27. Beluga from the St. Lawrence Estuary: A Case Study of Cancer and Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsDaniel MartineauPart Five: Place-Based Conservation Medicine28. Sense and Serendipity: Conservation and Management of Bison in CanadaMargo J. Pybus and Todd K. Shury29. Pathogens, Parks, and People: The Role of Bovine Tuberculosis in South African ConservationClaire Geoghegan30. Disease Ecology and Conservation of Ungulates, Wild Rabbits, and the Iberian Lynx in the Mediterranean ForestFernando Martinez, Guillermo Lopez, and Christian Gortazar31. The Kibale EcoHealth Project: Exploring Connections Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Landscape Dynamics in Western UgandaTony L. Goldberg, Sarah B. Paige, and Colin A. Chapman32. Conservation Medicine in Brazil: Case Studies of Ecological Health in PracticePaulo Rogerio Mangini, Rodrigo Silva Pinto Jorge, Marcelo Renan de Deus Santos, Claudia Filoni, Carlos Eduardo da Silva Verona, Alessandra Nava, Maria Fernanda Vianna Marvulo, and Jean Carlos Ramos Silva33. Linking Conservation of Biodiversity and Culture with Sustainable Health and Wellness: Th e Itzamma Model and Global Implications for Healing Across CulturesTodd J. Pesek, Victor Cal, Kevin Knight, and John Arnason34. Biological Diversity and Human Health: Using Plants and Traditional Ethnomedical Knowledge to Improve Public Health and Conservation Programs in MicronesiaMichael J. Balick, Katherine Herrera, Francisca Sohl, Wayne Law, Roberta A. Lee, and William C. RaynorPart Six: Applied Techniques of Conservation Medicine35. Human Health in the Biodiversity Hotspots: Applications of Geographic Information System Technology and Implications for ConservationLarry J. Gorenflo36. Determining When Parasites of Amphibians Are Conservation Threats to their Hosts: Methods and PerspectivesTrenton W. J. Garner, Cheryl J. Briggs, Jon Bielby, and Matthew C. Fisher37. Strategies for Wildlife Disease SurveillanceJonathan M. Sleeman, Christopher J. Brand, and Scott D. Wright38. Wildlife Health Monitoring Systems in North America: From Sentinel Species to Public PolicyMichelle M. Willette, Julia B. Ponder, Dave L. McRuer, and Edward E. Clark, Jr.39. Epidemiologic Investigation of Infectious Pathogens in Marine Mammals: The Importance of Serum Banks and Statistical AnalysisA. Alonso Aguirre, Melinda K. Rostal, B. Zimmerman, and Thomas J. Keefe40. Sorta Situ : The New Reality of Management Conditions for Wildlife Populations in the Absence of "Wild" SpacesBarbara A. Wolfe, Roberto F. Aguilar, A. Alonso Aguirre, Glenn H. Olsen, and Evan S Blumer41. Modeling Population Viability and Extinction Risk in the Presence of ParasitismPatrick Foley and Janet E. Foley42. Using Mathematical Models in a Unifi ed Approach to Predicting the Next Emerging Infectious DiseaseTiffany L. Bogich, Kevin J. Olival, Parviez R. Hosseini, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio, Elizabeth Loh, Sebastian Funk, Ilana L. Brito, Jonathan H. Epstein, John S. Brownstein, Damien O. Joly, Marc A. Levy, Kate E. JonesStephen S. Morse, A. Alonso Aguirre, William B. Karesh, Jonna A. K. Mazet, and Peter DaszakIndex