An authoritative review of the long history of federal responses to state and local budget crises, from Alexander Hamilton through the COVID-19 pandemic, that reveals what is at stake when a state or city can't pay its debts and provides policy solutions to an intractable American problem.What should the federal government do if a state like Illinois or a city like Chicago can't pay its debts? From Alexander Hamilton's plan to assume state debts to Congress's efforts to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, many of the most important political disputes in American history have involved federal government responses to state or local fiscal crises.In a Bad State provides the first comprehensive historical and theoretical analysis of how the federal government has addressed subnational debt crises. Tracing the long history of state and local borrowing, David Schleicher argues that federal officials want to achieve three things when a state or city nears default: prevent macroeconomic distress, encourage lending to states and cities to build infrastructure, and avoid creating incentives for reckless future state budgeting. But whether they demand state austerity, permit state defaults, or provide bailouts-and all have been tried-federal officials can only achieve two of these three goals, at best. Rather than imagining that there is a single easy federal solution, Schleicher suggests some ways the federal government could ameliorate the problem by conditioning federal aid on future state fiscal responsibility, spreading losses across governments and interests, and building resilience against crises into federal spending and tax policy.Authoritative and accessible, In a Bad State offers a guide to understanding the pressing fiscal problems that local, state, and federal officials face, and to the policy options they possess for responding to crises.

Part I: Why Is It So Hard To Get Out of a Bad State? An Introduction to the Problem of State and Local Fiscal CrisisIntroduction: Why It Is So Hard to Get Out of a Bad StatePart II: When We've Been in a Bad State: The Theory and History of Federal Responses to State and Local Fiscal CrisesChapter 1: What Has Already Been Said About Federal Responses to State and Local Budget Crises? What Has Been Left Out?Chapter 2: State Debt Crises Through the 1840sChapter 3: The Dual Debt Crises of the Post-Civil War PeriodChapter 4: State and Local Debt Crises in The Twentieth CenturyChapter 5: The Great Recession and State and Local Fiscal CrisesChapter 6: COVID-19, the CARES Act, the MLF, and the ARPPart III: Tools for Getting Out of a Bad StateChapter 7: Introduction to the Principles for Responding to State and Local Fiscal CrisesChapter 8: Building Better BailoutsChapter 9: Building Better DefaultsChapter 10: Building Better Forms of State and Local AusterityChapter 11: Resilience, or Building a Better Federal SystemPart IV: The Conclusion, Or Why States Are Often BadChapter 12: Why States Are Often BadNotesIndex