Building on the legacy of the groundbreaking first edition, the Editors of this unique volume have selected more than 100 leading emotion researchers from around the world and asked them to address 14 fundamental questions about the nature and origins of emotion.For example: What is an emotion? How are emotions organized in the brain? How do emotion and cognition interact? How are emotions embodied in the social world? How and why are emotions communicated? How are emotions physically embodied? What develops in emotional development?At the end of each chapter, the Editors--Andrew Fox, Regina Lapate, Alexander Shackman, and Richard Davidson--highlight key areas of agreement and disagreement.In the final chapter--The Nature of Emotion: A Research Agenda for the 21st Century--the Editors outline their own perspective on the most important challenges facing the field today and the most fruitful avenues for future research.Not a textbook offering a single viewpoint, The Nature of Emotion reveals the central issues in emotion research and theory in the words of many of the leading scientists working in the field today, from senior researchers to rising stars, providing a unique and highly accessible guide for students, researchers, and clinicians.

AcknowledgmentsContributorsIntroductionPreface to Paul Ekman's EssayRichard J. DavidsonHow emotions might workPaul EkmanQuestion 1. What is an emotion?Emotions and feelings: William James and the presentAntonio Damasio & Hanna DamasioEmotions are functional states that cause feelings and behaviorRalph AdolphsWhat is emotion? A natural science perspectivePeter J. Lang & Margaret M. BradleyAffect is essential to emotionKent C. BerridgeEmotions: Causes and consequencesGerald L. CloreWhat are emotional states, and what are their functions?Edmund T. RollsActive inference and emotionKarl J. Friston, Mateus Joffily, Lisa Feldman Barrett & Anil K. SethEmotions are constructed with interoception and concepts within a predicting brainLisa Feldman BarrettAfterwordRegina C. Lapate & Alexander J. ShackmanQuestion 2. How are emotions, mood and temperament related?Distinguishing affective constructs: Structure, trait- vs. state-ness, and responses to affectKristin Naragon-GaineyInhibited temperament and intrinsic versus extrinsic influences on fear circuitsJennifer Urbano Blackford & David H. ZaldDistinctions among moods and temperamentsJerome KaganDistinctions between temperament and emotion: Examining reactivity, regulation, and social understandingLindsay C. Bowman & Nathan A. FoxAfterwordAlexander J. Shackman, Regina C. Lapate & Andrew S. FoxQuestion 3. What are the dimensions and bases for lasting individual differences in emotion?Personality as lasting individual differences in emotionsRebecca L. ShinerThe bases for preservation of emotional biasesJerome KaganThe psychological and neurobiological bases of dispositional negativityAlexander J. Shackman, Melissa D. Stockbridge, Edward P. Lemay, Jr. & Andrew S. FoxReactivity, recovery, regulation: The three R's of emotional respondingRichard J. DavidsonAfterwordAlexander J. Shackman & Andrew S. FoxQuestion 4. What is the added value of studying the brain for understanding emotion?Studying the brain is necessary for understanding emotionTom JohnstoneBrain and emotion research: Contributions of patient and activation studiesRobert W. LevensonUnderstanding emotion by unraveling complex structure-function mappingsLuiz PessoaBrain studies can advance psychological understandingKent C. BerridgeAfterwordAlexander J. Shackman & Regina C. LapateQuestion 5. How are emotions organized in the brain?Discrete and dimensional contributions to emotion arise from multiple brain circuitsRalph AdolphsBrain limbic systems as flexible generators of emotionKent C. BerridgeAt primal levels, via vast subcortical brain networks that mediate instinctual emotional reactions that help program higher-order emotional-cognitive abilities in higher regions of the brain and mind.Jaak PankseppBrain architecture and principles of the organization of emotion in the brainLuiz PessoaVariation and degeneracy in the brain basis of emotion.Lisa Feldman BarrettHow are emotions organized in the brain?Tor D. Wager, Anjali Krishnan & Emma HitchcockThe brain is organized to emoteAndrew S. FoxNeural circuit mechanisms for switching emotional tracks: From positive to negative and back againKay M. TyeAfterwordAlexander J. Shackman & Andrew S. FoxQuestion 6. When and in what ways are emotions adaptive and maladaptive?The ambiguous issue of adaptive emotionsJerome KaganMaladaptive emotions are inseparable from inaccurate appraisalsPhoebe C. EllsworthEmotions aren't maladaptiveAaron S. HellerCultural neuroscience of emotionJoan Y. ChiaoPositive emotions broaden and build: Consideration for how and when pleasant subjective experiences are adaptive and maladaptiveBarbara L. FredricksonThe social nature of emotions: Context mattersAmy Lehrner & Rachel YehudaAfterwordAndrew S. Fox & Regina C. LapateQuestion 7. How are emotions regulated by context and cognition?Emotion as an evolutionary adaptive pattern: The roles of context and cognitionD. Caroline Blanchard & Brandon L. PearsonIndividual differences in fear conditioning and extinction paradigms: Insights for emotion regulationMarie-France Marin & Mohammed R. MiladThe role of context and cognition in the placebo effectLauren Y. AtlasEmotional Intensity: It is the thought that countsGerald L. Clore & David A. ReinhardEmotion regulation as a change of goals and prioritiesCarien M. van Reekum & Tom JohnstoneSearching for implicit emotion regulationMatthew D. LiebermanFighting fire with fire: Endogenous emotion generation as a means of emotion regulationHaakon G. Engen & Tania SingerAfterwordAlexander J. Shackman & Regina C. LapateQuestion 8. How do emotion and cognition interact?The interplay of emotion and cognitionHadas Okon-Singer, Daniel M. Stout, Melissa D. Stockbridge, Matthias Gamer, Andrew S. Fox & Alexander J. ShackmanThe impact of affect depends on its objectGerald L. CloreThoughts on cognition-emotion interactions and their role in the diagnosis and treatment of psychopathologyKeren Maoz and Yair Bar-HaimBeyond cognition and emotion: Dispensing with a cherished psychological narrativeAlexandra Touroutoglou & Lisa Feldman BarrettCan we advance our understanding of emotional behavior by reconceptualizing it as involving valuation?Roshan Cools, Hanneke den Ouden, Verena Ly & Quentin HuysBeyond the threat bias: Reciprocal links between emotion and cognitionNick Berggren & Nazanin DerakshanThe cognitive-emotional brainLuiz PessoaEmotional vs. rational systems, and decisions between themEdmund T. RollsAfterwordAlexander J. Shackman & Regina C. LapateQuestion 9. How are emotions embodied in the social world?Connections between emotions and the social world: Numerous and complexNancy Eisenberg & Maciel M. HernándezEffects of emotion on interpersonal behavior: A motivational perspectiveEdward P. Lemay, Jr.Emotion in the social worldCarolyn ParkinsonThe affective nature of social interactionsDominic S. Fareri & Mauricio R. DelgadoOn the significance of implicit emotional communicationAndrew S. FoxDeconstructing social emotions: Empathy and compassion and their relation to prosocial behaviorHaakon G. Engen & Tania SingerAfterwordAndrew S. Fox & Alexander J. ShackmanQuestion 10. How and why are emotions communicated?Form of facial expression communication originates in sensory functionDaniel H. Lee & Adam K. AndersonExpression of emotion: New principles for future inquiryDacher Keltner, Daniel T. Cordaro, Jessica Tracy, & Disa SauterThe (more or less accurate) communication of emotions serves social problem solvingUrsula HessMaking sense of the senses in emotion communicationWen Li, Lucas R. Novak, & Yuqi YouMovement and manipulation: the how and why of emotion communicationLasana T. HarrisConcepts are key to the "communication" of emotionMaria Gendron & Lisa Feldman BarrettThe web of emotion understanding in human infantsBetty M. Repacholi and Andrew N. MeltzoffThe dynamic-interactive model approach to the perception of facial emotionJonathan B. FreemanAfterwordRegina C. Lapate & Andrew S. FoxQuestion 11. How are emotions physically embodied?How and why emotions are embodiedAdrienne Wood, Jared Martin & Paula NiedenthalEmotion in body and brain: Context-dependent action and reactionMargaret M. Bradley & Peter J. LangThe importance of the mind for understanding how emotions are embodiedNaomi I. EisenbergerHow are emotions physically embodied?Rosalind W. PicardPain as an embodied emotionTim V. SalomonsHow are emotions organized and physically embodied?Bruce S. McEwenThe complex tapestry of emotion: immune and microbial contributionsMelissa A. RosenkranzAfterwordAndrew S. Fox & Alexander J. ShackmanQuestion 12. What is the role of conscious awareness in emotion?Emotions are more than their subjective feelingsKent C. BerridgeReactive emotional processing in the absence of conscious awarenessJoshua M. CarlsonWhat is the role of unconscious emotions and of conscious awareness in emotion?Beatrice de Gelder and Marco TamiettoSelf-regulating our emotional states when we are conscious of them and when we are notLeanne WilliamsRegulatory benefits of conscious awareness: Insights from the emotion misattribution paradigm and a role for lateral prefrontal cortexRegina C. LapateAfterwordRegina C. Lapate & Andrew S. FoxQuestion 13. How are emotions integrated into choice?How can affect influence choice?Brian Knutson & Mirre StallenEmotions through the lens of economic theoryAgnieszka Tymula & Paul GlimcherEmotions as computational signals of goal errorLuke J. Chang & Eshin JollyAffect is the foundation of valueCatherine Hartley & Peter Sokol-HessnerEmotion, value, and choiceJolie Wormwood & Lisa Feldman BarrettEmotions can bias decision-making processes by promoting specific behavioral tendenciesJan B. Engelmann & Todd A. HareEmotions are important for advantageous decision-making: A neuropsychological perspectiveJustin Reber & Daniel TranelFrom emotion to motion: Making choices based on current states and biological needsElisabeth A. MurrayAfterwordAndrew S. Fox & Regina C. LapateQuestion 14. What develops in emotional development?The recognition of emotion during the first years of lifeJulia Cataldo & Charles A. NelsonEverything develops during emotional developmentHill H. GoldsmithStability and change in emotion-relevant personality traits in childhood and adolescenceRebecca L. ShinerNormative trajectories and sources of psychopathology risk in adolescenceLeah H. Somerville & Katie A. McLaughlinWhat happens in emotional development? Adolescent emotionalityEveline A. Crone & Jennifer H. PfeiferGoals change with age and benefit emotional experienceCandice Hogan, Tamara Sims & Laura L. CarstensenIdeal ends in emotional developmentCarol D. RyffAfterwordRegina C. Lapate & Alexander J. ShackmanEpilogue-The nature of emotion: A research agenda for the 21st centuryAndrew S. Fox, Regina C. Lapate, Richard J. Davidson & Alexander J. ShackmanReferencesIndex