Though parity is still rare, presidential cabinets contain more women than ever before. Who are these women and what types of political capital resources do they bring to the administration? Are they new types of political players or very much like the men who have traditionally run the government? And once they gain office, are they treated equally in the cabinet? Do they have the capacity to be as effective as their male counterparts?Drawing on data from five presidential democracies -- Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and the United States -- Women in Presidential Cabinets examines the backgrounds, connections and credentials of all full-rank cabinet ministers in presidential administrations over the course of two decades to determine if women and men bring similar numbers and diversity of political capital resources to the administration. Maria C. Escobar-Lemmon and Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson find that, with a few notable exceptions, presidents select men and women with similar work and education backgrounds, political experience, and linkages to related interest groups. There are, however, differences across types of posts and countries. They evaluate the treatment and effectiveness of similarly credentialed male and female ministers on four benchmarks. Specifically, they examine whether women with equal qualifications can really obtain all posts or whether glass ceilings persist in some areas. They then turn to the ability of women to hold onto a post, considering the nature and circumstances surrounding their departures from office and how long they remain in office. In doing so, they uncover evidence that female ministers in Latin America stand on an unequal playing field when it comes to the ability to enact policy through legislation. Ultimately, Escobar-Lemmon and Taylor-Robinson show conclusively that while women lack numerical equality, they are no longer tokens, instead appearing positioned to exercise power at the highest levels within the executive branch.

Acknowledgments1. Will women in presidential cabinets be power players or tokens? Theory and expectations about women's inclusionPart I: Country Background and Methodology2. Politics of presidential cabinet making: Women's representation and rules of the game in 5 democracies3. Defining the basis for comparing ministersPart II: Who Gatekeepers Select as Ministers: Comparison of Men and Women4. Policy expertise: When and where presidents appoint ministers with work and education background5. Political skills: When and where presidents appoint ministers with political background and connections6. Support resources: When and where presidents appoint ministers with links to clients of their departmentPart III: Four Benchmarks for Comparing Treatment and Effectiveness of the Men and Women Appointed to Presidential Cabinets7. Getting seats at the table, and not just in the "women's seat"8. Surviving, retiring or being fired: Equal treatment in cabinet exits9. Long stays or short: Equal treatment in duration in post10. Making policy: Evidence of an unequal playing fieldPart IV: Conclusions about Integration and Incorporation of Women in Cabinets11. Minorities not tokens: Conclusions about equality of women in presidential cabinetsNotesReferencesIndex