The street protests that erupted in Tunisia in December 2010 and spread quickly throughout the Middle East surprised not only the entrenched dictators of the region but also international observers who collectively had taken for granted the durability of Middle Eastern authoritarianism. Specifically, the Arab Spring uprisings debunked the prevailing notion that youth were disengaged from political life by their economic exclusion and tight regime control of their mobilization. Indeed, the one consistent feature across the uprisings, whether peaceful or violent, was the key role played by young people.What has remained unclear is why youth became the vanguards of the Arab Spring protests and why they have not played a more prominent role in the transitions that followed. To address these questions, the authors in this volume use updated data sets on demography, employment, education, inequality, social media and public sentiment to examine the underlying socioeconomic conditions of young people in the Middle East at the time of the uprisings and offer a mosaic of analytical explanations linking those conditions from 2009-2011 to the revolts of 2010-2012.The findings in the volume confirm the inadequacy of traditional narrow explanations rooted in demographic profiles, economic grievances or political exclusion in accounting for the complex socioeconomic dynamics facing youth and societies at large in the Middle East in the period leading up to the Arab Spring. The contributors emphasize the fundamental institutional rigidities in the region's policy space and evaluate potential approaches to policy reform that can promote youth inclusion and help transform the region's political economies in the post Arab Spring environment of persistent economic volatility, social unrest and political instability.

IntroductionEdward A. Sayre and Tarik M. Yousef1. Demographic Transitions across the Middle East and North AfricaDavid Beck and Paul Dyer2. Schooling and Learning in the Middle East and North Africa: The Roles of the Family and the StateDjavad Salehi-Isfahani3. Arab Youth Employment in the Wake of the Global Financial CrisisMona Said4. The Effects of Education and Marriage on Labor Force Participation of Women in the Middle East and North AfricaEdward Sayre and Rana Hendy5. Gulf Youth and the Labor MarketPaul Dyer and Samer Kherfi6. The Role of Social Media in Mobilizing Political Protest: Evidence from the Tunisian RevolutionAnita Breuer7. The Political Effects of Changing Public Opinion In Egypt: A Story of RevolutionIshac Diwan8. Days of Rage and Silence: Explaining Political Action by Arab YouthRaj Desai, Anders Olofsgard, and Tarik Yousef9. A Generation without Work Contracts: Youth Informality in EgyptGhada Barsoum10. Does Labor Law Reform Offer an Opportunity for Reducing Arab Youth Unemployment?Jeff Nugent11. Exploring the Impact of Reforms to the Moroccan Vocational Education System: A Policy AnalysisBrahim Boubarbat and Daniel Egel12. After the Arab Spring: Reform, Innovation and the Future of Youth EmploymentTarik Yousef and Edward Sayre