Winner of the Casa de las América Prize for Brazilian Literature, The Story of Rufino reconstructs the lively biography of Rufino José Maria, set against the historical context of Brazil and Africa in the nineteenth century.The book tells the story of Rufino or Abuncare, a Yoruba Muslim from the kingdom of Oyo, in present-day Nigeria. Enslaved as an adolescent by a rival ethnic group, he was captured by Brazilian slave traders and taken to Brazil as a slave sometime in the early 1820s. In 1835, after being enslaved in Salvador and Rio Grande do Sul, Rufino bought his freedom with money he made as a hired-out slave and perhaps from making Islamic amulets. He found work in Rio de Janeiro as a cook on a slave ship bound for Luanda in Angola, despite the trans-Atlantic slave trade having been illegal in Brazil since 1831. Rufino himself became a petty slave trader. He made a few voyages before his ship was captured by the British and taken to Sierra Leone in 1841 for trial by the Anglo-Brazilian Mixed Commission to determine if it was equipped for the slave trade, since there were no slaves on board. During the three months awaiting the court's decision, Rufino lived among Yoruba Muslims, his people, and attended Quranic and Arabic classes. He later returned to Sierra Leone as a witness in a court case and attended classes with Muslim masters for almost two years. Once back in Brazil, he established himself as a diviner -- serving whites and blacks, free and slaves, Brazilians and Africans, Muslim and non-Muslims -- as well as a spiritual leader, an Alufa, in the local Afro-Muslim community. In 1853 Rufino was arrested due to rumors of an imminent African slave revolt. The police used as evidence for his arrest the large number of Arabic manuscripts in his possession, the same kind of material the police had found with Muslim rebels in Bahia thirty years earlier. During his interrogation, Rufino told his life story, which is used to reconstruct the world in which he lived under slavery and in freedom on African shores, aboard slave ships, and in Brazil.An extraordinary Atlantic history carefully pieced together from the archives, The Story of Rufino illuminates the complexities of slavery and freedom in Africa and Brazil and the resilience of ethnic and religious identities.

AcknowledgmentsPrefacePart IChapter 1: Rufino's AfricaChapter 2: Enslaved in BahiaChapter 3: Enslaved in Porto AlegreChapter 4: Farroupilha and FreedomChapter 5: Freedman in Rio de JaneiroChapter 6: Rio de Janeiro, A City in FearPart IIChapter 7: Rufino Joins the Slave TradeChapter 8: Luanda, Slave-trading Capital of AngolaChapter 9: Readying the ErmelindaChapter 10: Rufino's EmployersChapter 11: Passengers, Shippers, and CargoChapter 12: The Ermelinda Goes to SeaChapter 13: The Equipment ActChapter 14: Sierra LeoneChapter 15: Among Akus and African MuslimsChapter 16: The trial of the ErmelindaChapter 17: Dirty TricksChapter 18: Back to SeaPart IIIChapter 19: Counting the CostsChapter 20: Rufino's RecifeChapter 21: A Man of Faith and SorceryChapter 22: Tense Times in Rufino's RecifeChapter 23: A Free ManChapter 24: The Muslims of Recife and a Doctrinal DisputeEpilogueSources and Works CitedIndex