Before Europeans arrived in what is now known as the United States, over 600 diverse Native nations lived on the same land. This encroachment and subsequent settlement by Americans forcibly disrupted the lives of all indigenous peoples and brought about staggering depopulation, loss of land, and cultural, religious, and economic changes. These developments also wrought profound changes in indigenous politics and longstanding governing institutions. David E. Wilkins' two-volume work Documents of Native American Political Development traces how indigenous peoples have maintained and continued to exercise a significant measure of self-determination contrary to presumptions that such powers had been lost, surrendered, or vanquished.Volume One provided materials from the 1500s to 1933. This collection of primary source and other documents begins in 1933 and spans the subsequent eight decades. Broadly, the volume organizes this period into the following distinctive eras: indigenous political resurgence and reorganization (1934 to 1940s); indigenous termination/relocation (1940s to 1960s); indigenous self-determination (1960s to 1980s); and indigenous self-governance (1980s to present). Wilkins presents documents including the governing arrangements Native nations created and adapted that are comparable to formal constitutions; international and interest group records; statements by prominent Native and non-Native individuals; and sources featuring important innovations that display the political acumen of Native nations. The documents are arranged chronologically, and Wilkins provides concise, introductory essays to each document, placing them within the proper context. Each introduction is followed by a brief list of suggestions for further reading.This continued examination of fascinating and relatively unknown indigenous history, from a number of influential legal and political writings to the formal constitutions crafted since the American intervention of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, will be an invaluable resource for scholars and students of the history, law, and political development of Native peoples.

List of Native PeoplesIntroduction1. Expenses of Northern Cheyenne Indian Tribal Council (1933)2. Indian Congressional Testimony (Various Native nations) (1934)3. Authorizing Indians to Form Business Councils, Corporations, and for Other Purposes (1934)4. Memorandum Relating to the Absolute Power of Congress over Tribal Indians and Their Property and the Delegation of Said Power to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1935)5. Resolution and Constitution of the American Indian Federation (1935)6. Proposed Constitution of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina (1935)7. Constitution and Bylaws of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, Montana (1935)8. Constitution and Bylaws of the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin (1936)9. Constitution and Bylaws of the Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation of South Dakota (1936)10. Testimony of Alonzo Hamblet, Chairman of the Alaskan Native Brotherhood (1936)11. Statement of Jacob C. Morgan (Navajo) to the Committee on Indian Affairs (1936)12. Navajo Constitution, Proposed (1937)13. Report to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Recommending Repeal of the Wheeler-Howard Act (1939)14. Navajo Loyalty Pledges to the U.S. on the Advent of World War II (1940, 1942)15. Letter from William C. Reed, Treasurer, Uintah & Ouray Tribal Business Committee (1941)16. A Bill to Remove Restrictions on Indian Property Now Held in Trust by the U.S. (1943)17. Resolution Submitted to the House Committee on Indian Affairs by the Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation (1944)18. Relating to the Status of Keetowah Indians of the Cherokee Nation (1945)19. Statement Protesting Construction of the Garrison Dam by Martin T. Cross, Chairman, Tribal Business Council, Affiliated Tribes, Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (1945)20. William Zimmerman (BIA) Testimony Regarding Indian Bureau Withdrawal (1947)21. A Constitution for Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico (1947)22. Constitution and Bylaws of the Crow Tribe, Montana (1948)23. Toledo v. Pueblo de Jemez (1954)24. Termination of Federal Supervision of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Community (1954)25. Navajo Nation Extradition Ordinance (1956)26. Iron Crow v. The Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota (1956)27. Embezzlement of Indian Tribal Organization Property (1956)28. Amended Constitution and Bylaws of the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1960)29. Statement of George D. Heron, President of the Seneca Nation on the Kinzua Dam (1960)30. Declaration of Indian Purpose (1961)31. Statement of Helen L. W. Peterson, Executive Director, National Congress of American Indians, Washington, D.C. (1961)32. Statement of Senators Sam J. Ervin (NC) and Frank Church (IA) on Indian Civil Rights (1961)33. Statement of Vine Deloria, Jr. (Standing Rock Lakota), Executive Director, National Congress of American Indians, Washington, D.C. (1965)34. Statements of Norman Hollow (Ft. Peck), Earl Old Person (Blackfeet), and Roger Jourdain (Red Lake Anishinaabe) on Policy and Legislation (1967)35. Statement of William L. Hensley (Igagruk People), State Representative, Alaska (1968)36. Arizona ex rel. Merrill v. Turtle (1969)37. Report Submitted by Senator Sam Ervin (NC) from the Committee on the Judiciary Protecting the Rights of the American Indian (1969)38. American Indian Task Force Statement, "We Speak as Indians" (1969)39. Constitution of the Zuni Tribe, Zuni Reservation, New Mexico (1970)40. Groundhog v. W.W. Keeler (1971)41. Native American Indian Policy (1971)42. On the Restoration of Constitutional Treaty-Making Authority (1973)43. Declaration of Sovereignty (1974)44. Declaration of Continuing Independence (1974)45. Harjo v. Kleppe (1976)46. Pacific Northwest Fishing Intergovernmental Memorandum of Understanding (1976)47. Feasability of Alternative Indian Elective Bodies Eligibility of Tribes and Indians for Federal Services (1976)48. Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians v. Minnesota (1976)49. Statement of Mel Tonasket, President, National Congress of American Indians (1977)50. Tribal-State Compact Act and Accompanying Statement by Delfin J. Lovato, Chairman of the All Indian Pueblo Council (1978)51. Affirmation of Sovereignty of the Indigenous Peoples of the Western Hemisphere (1978)52. Ittikana Ikbi 'Peacemaker' Court (1978)53. Mutual Protection and Law Enforcement Agreement Between Ak-Chin Indian Community and Pinal County (1979)54. Statement of Attorney Reid Peyton Chambers on the Need for an Extension of the Statute of Limitations for Claims Brought by the U.S. on Behalf of Indian Tribes (1979)55. Statement of Billy Frank, Jr., Chairman, Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission (1981)56. Position Paper of the Haudenosaunee Grand Council of Chiefs Regarding the "Ancient Indian Land Claims Settlement Act" (1982)57. Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Navajo Tribe (1985)58. Voices of Alaskan Natives in Response to the 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1985)59. Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians vs. United States (1986)60. Statements of Senator Bill Bradley (NJ) and President Joe American Horse of the Oglala Sioux Nation on the Sioux Nation Black Hills Act (1986)61. Statement of Earl Old Person, Chairman, Blackfeet Nation, on Indian Tribal Taxation (1987)62. Testimony of Joseph B. Delacruz, Chairman of the Quinault Indian Nation (1987)63. Statement of George Aubid, Chief Judge, Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (1988)64. Centennial Accord Between Numerous Federally-Recognized Native Nations in Washington State and the State of Washington (1989)65. Testimony of Denis Turner, Southern California Tribal Chairman's Association (1989)66. Testimony of W. Ron Allen, Chairman, Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe on the Self-Determination Act Amendments Act of 1988 (1989)67. Statement of Wilma Mankiller, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, on Self-Governance (1991)68. Tribal-State Gaming Compact Between the Red Lake Band of Chippewa and the State of Minnesota (1991)69. Constitution of Ka Lahui Hawai'i E Mau Ke Ea O Ka'Aina I Ka Pono (1993)70. The United States Acknowledges its Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom (1993)71. President William Clinton's Government-to-Government Relations Memorandum with Native American Tribal Governments (1994)72. Executive Accord Between the Executive Branches of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the State of Mississippi (1997)73. Sky, Land, and Water of the Anishinaabe: The Anishinaabe Akii Protocol (1998)74. Report: Challenges to Relations Between Washington State and Native Nations (1999)75. Presidential Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments (2000)76. Statement of Susan Masten (Yurok), President of the National Congress of American Indians (2001)77. Statement of Melanie Benjamin (Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe), Chief Executive (2001)78. Charter of the Consolidated Borough of Quil Ceda Village (2001)79. Memorandum of Agreement Between Shoshone-Bannock Tribes and Power County (2002)80. Statements of Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Northern Cheyenne), Wayne Shaw, Acting Interim Chairman (Seminole), and Donnamarie Potts (Chairwoman of Buena Vista Rancheria) on Intra-Tribal Leadership Disputes and Tribal Governance (2002)81. Ernest L. Stevens (Oneida) Letter to the Editor of Time Magazine Regarding Indian Gaming Operations(2002)82. Strengthening Relations Between the Tohono O'odham Nation and Bureau of Customs and Border Protection: A Position Paper (2003)83. Maltos v. Sauk Suiattle (2003)84. State of Wisconsin, Office of the Governor, Executive Order #39: Relating to an Affirmation of the Government-to-Government Relationship Between the State of Wisconsin and Indian Tribal Governments Located Within the State of Wisconsin (2004).85. Documents Relating to the Dine Marriage Act (2005)86. Senate Hearing Regarding Acknowledgment and Apology to Native peoples and Tex Hall, President of the National Congress of American Indians, Response (2005)87. Allen v. Cherokee Nation Tribal Council (2006)88. Oglala Lakota Council's Suspension and Impeachment of Cecelia Fire Thunder, President (2006)89. United League of Indigenous Nations Treaty (2007)90. Statement by Joseph Thomas Flies Away: Tribal Courts and the Administration of Justice in Indian Country (2008)91. Statement of Brian Cladoosby, President, Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians on Economic and Social Issues Affecting Northwest Tribes (2010)92. Shirley v. Morgan (2010)93. Statement of Cedric Crowell, Chairman, Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe: The Indian Reorganization Act-Seventy-Five Years Later (2011)94. Report from the Treaty Indian Tribes in Western Washington-Executive Summary of Treaty Rights at Risk: Ongoing Habitat Loss, the Decline of the Salmon Resource, and Recommendations for Change95. Statement of Fawn Sharp, President, Quinault Indian Nation, on Fulfilling the Federal Trust Responsibility (2012)96. Opinion Rendered by the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Virginia Regarding Tribal Nations' Obligation to Abide by State Fish and Wildlife Regulations (2013)97. Statement by the Pamunkey Tribe After Receiving Federal Acknowledgment of their Status as a Recognized Tribe (2014)98. Northern Tribes Buffalo Treaty (2014)99. Ho-Chunk Nation Constitution (Proposed Provision) to Provide for Rights to Nature (2015)100. Northwest Tribes' Response to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Decision to UpholdTreaty Rights by Denial of Application to Build a Coal Export Terminal (2016)101. Treaty Alliance Against Tar Sands Expansion (2016)102. The Grizzly: A Treaty of Cooperation, Cultural Revitalization and Restoration (2016)103. National Congress of American Indians Resolution Addressing Crisis of Missing and Murdered Native Women (2016)104. Presidential Memorandum Regarding Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline and Dave Archambault II (Standing Rock Sioux Chair) response (2017)105. Documents Related to the Indian Child Welfare Act (2017)106. Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition Letter to Ryan Zinke, Secretary of Interior (2017)107. Joint Tribal Petition of Five Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) Nations to the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission to Reconsider and Amend the Commission's December 15 Order Finding the Environmental Impact Statement Inadequate (2018)Bibliographic EssayIndex