China's emergence as a great power in the twenty-first century is strongly enabled by cyberspace. Leveraged information technology integrates Chinese firms into the global economy, modernizes infrastructure, and increases internet penetration which helps boost export-led growth. China's pursuit of "informatization" reconstructs industrial sectors and solidifies the transformation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army into a formidable regional power. Even as the government censors content online, China has one of the fastest growing internet populations and most of the technology is created and used by civilians.Western political discourse on cybersecurity is dominated by news of Chinese military development of cyberwarfare capabilities and cyber exploitation against foreign governments, corporations, and non-governmental organizations. Western accounts, however, tell only one side of the story. Chinese leaders are also concerned with cyber insecurity, and Chinese authors frequently note that China is also a victim of foreign cyber -- attacks -- predominantly from the United States.China and Cybersecurity: Espionage, Strategy, and Politics in the Digital Domain is a comprehensive analysis of China's cyberspace threats and policies. The contributors -- Chinese specialists in cyber dynamics, experts on China, and experts on the use of information technology between China and the West -- address cyberspace threats and policies, emphasizing the vantage points of China and the U.S. on cyber exploitation and the possibilities for more positive coordination with the West. The volume's multi-disciplinary, cross-cultural approach does not pretend to offer wholesale resolutions. Contributors take different stances on how problems may be analyzed and reduced, and aim to inform the international audience of how China's political, economic, and security systems shape cyber activities. The compilation provides empirical and evaluative depth on the deepening dependence on shared global information infrastructure and the growing willingness to exploit it for political or economic gain.

IntroductionChina and Cybersecurity: Controversy and ContextJon R. LindsayI. ESPIONAGE AND CYBERCRIME1. The Chinese Intelligence Services: Evolution and Empowerment in CyberspaceNigel Inkster2. From Exploitation to Innovation: Acquisition, Absorption, and ApplicationJon R. Lindsay and Tai Ming Cheung3. Investigating the Chinese Online Underground EconomyZhuge Jianwei, Gu Lion, Duan Haixin, and Taylor RobertsII. MILITARY STRATEGY AND INSTITUTIONS4. From Cyberwarfare to Cybersecurity in the Asia-Pacific and BeyondYe Zheng5. Chinese Writings on Cyber Warfare and CoercionKevin Pollpeter6. The Chinese People's Liberation Army Computer Network Operations InfrastructureMark A. Stokes7. Civil-Military Integration in Cybersecurity: A Study of Chinese Information Warfare MilitiasRobert Sheldon and Joe McReynoldsIII. NATIONAL CYBERSECURITY POLICY8. China's Cybersecurity Situation and the Potential for International CooperationLi Yuxiao and Xu Lu9. Evolving Legal Frameworks for Protecting Internet Privacy in ChinaXu Jinghong10. "Foreign Hostile Forces": The Human Rights Dimension of China's Cyber CampaignsSarah McKuneIV. PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS11. China and Information Security Threats: Policy Responses in the United StatesFred H. CateConclusionThe Rise of China and the Future of CybersecurityJon R. Lindsay and Derek S. ReveronIndex