The Complete, Up-To-Date Guide to Building Great 3D User Interfaces for Any Application3D interaction is suddenly everywhere. But simply using 3D input or displays isn't enough: 3D interfaces must be carefully designed for optimal user experience. 3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice, Second Edition is today's most comprehensive primary reference to building state-of-the-art 3D user interfaces and interactions. Five pioneering researchers and practitioners cover the full spectrum of emerging applications, techniques, and best practices. The authors combine theoretical foundations, analysis of leading devices, and empirically validated design guidelines. This edition adds two new chapters on human factors and general human-computer interaction-indispensable foundational knowledge for building any 3D user interface. It also demonstrates advanced concepts at work through two running case studies: a first-person VR game and a mobile augmented reality application.Coverage Includes

Foreword to the Second Edition xvi Foreword to the First Edition xviii Preface to the Second Edition xx Preface to the First Edition xxiii Acknowledgments xxv About the Authors xxix PART I: FOUNDATIONS OF 3D USER INTERFACES 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to 3D User Interfaces 3 1.1 What Are 3D User Interfaces? 4 1.2 Why 3D User Interfaces? 4 1.3 Terminology 6 1.4 Application Areas 8 1.5 Conclusion 9 Chapter 2 3D User Interfaces: History and Roadmap 11 2.1 History of 3D UIs 12 2.2 Roadmap to 3D UIs 14 2.3 Scope of this Book 27 2.4 Introduction to Case Studies 27 2.5 Conclusion 30 PART II: HUMAN FACTORS AND HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION BASICS 31Chapter 3 Human Factors Fundamentals 33 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Information Processing 35 3.3 Perception 41 3.4 Cognition 58 3.5 Physical Ergonomics 66 3.6 Guidelines 74 3.7 Conclusion 75 Recommended Reading 76 Chapter 4 General Principles of Human-Computer Interaction 77 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 Understanding the User Experience 80 4.3 Design Principles and Guidelines 95 4.4 Engineering the User Experience 109 4.5 Conclusion 121 Recommended Reading 121 PART III: HARDWARE TECHNOLOGIES FOR 3D USER INTERFACES 123Chapter 5 3D User Interface Output Hardware 125 5.1 Introduction 126 5.2 Visual Displays 127 5.3 Auditory Displays 153 5.4 Haptic Displays 158 5.5 Characterizing Displays by Level of Fidelity 170 5.6 Design Guidelines: Choosing Output Devices for 3D User Interfaces 171 5.7 Case Studies 178 5.8 Conclusion 183 Recommended Reading 183 Chapter 6 3D User Interface Input Hardware 187 6.1 Introduction 188 6.2 Traditional Input Devices 190 6.3 3D Spatial Input Devices 200 6.4 Complementary Input for 3D User Interfaces 226 6.5 Special-Purpose Input Devices 228 6.6 Do It Yourself (DIY) Input Devices 234 6.7 Choosing Input Devices for 3D User Interfaces 238 6.8 Case Studies 244 6.9 Conclusion 247 Recommended Reading 248 PART IV: 3D INTERACTION TECHNIQUES 251Chapter 7 Selection and Manipulation 255 7.1 Introduction 256 7.2 3D Manipulation Tasks 257 7.3 Classifications for 3D Manipulation 262 7.4 Grasping Metaphors 264 7.5 Pointing Metaphors 273 7.6 Surface Metaphors 280 7.7 Indirect Metaphors 286 7.8 Bimanual Metaphors 297 7.9 Hybrid Metaphors 301 7.10 Other Aspects of 3D Manipulation 303 7.11 Design Guidelines 309 7.12 Case Studies 312 7.13 Conclusion 314 Recommended Reading 315 Chapter 8 Travel 317 8.1 Introduction 318 8.2 3D Travel Tasks 319 8.3 Classifications for 3D Travel 322 8.4 Walking Metaphors 325 8.5 Steering Metaphors 339 8.6 Selection-Based Travel Metaphors 344 8.7 Manipulation-Based Travel Metaphors 349 8.8 Other Aspects of Travel Techniques 353 8.9 Wayfinding in 3D Environments 361 8.10 Design Guidelines 367 8.11 Case Studies 371 8.12 Conclusion 376 Recommended Reading 377 Chapter 9 System Control 379 9.1 Introduction 380 9.2 System Control Issues 381 9.3 Classification 384 9.4 Physical Controllers 384 9.5 Graphical Menus 386 9.6 Voice Commands 396 9.7 Gestural Commands 398 9.8 Tools 404 9.9 Multimodal Techniques 409 9.10 Design Guidelines412 9.11 Case Studies 414 9.12 Conclusion 417 Recommended Reading 417 PART V: DESIGNING AND DEVELOPING 3D USER INTERFACES 419Chapter 10 Strategies in Designing and Developing 3D User Interfaces 421 10.1 Introduction 422 10.2 Designing for Humans 423 10.3 Inventing 3D User Interfaces 436 10.4 Design Guidelines 447 10.5 Case Studies 451 10.6 Conclusion 454 Recommended Reading 454 Chapter 11 Evaluation of 3D User Interfaces 455 11.1 Introduction 456 11.2 Evaluation Methods for 3D UIs 457 11.3 Evaluation Metrics for 3D UIs 460 11.4 Characteristics of 3D UI Evaluations 463 11.5 Classification of Evaluation Methods 468 11.6 Three Multimethod Approaches 470 11.7 Guidelines for 3D UI Evaluation 487 11.8 Case Studies 489 11.9 Conclusion 493 Recommended Reading 493 Acknowledgment 494 Part VI: THE FUTURE OF 3D INTERFACES 495Chapter 12 The Future of 3D User Interfaces 497 12.1 User Experience with 3D Displays 498 12.2 3D UI Design 500 12.3 3D UI Development and Evaluation 505 12.4 3D UIs in the Real World 507 12.5 Applications of 3D UIs 509 Bibliography 513Index 563