This monograph attempts to establish a connection between the structure and physicomechanicaJ properties of the deposit, the rate of reduction of the metallic ions, and the adsorption and occlusion of surface-active substances and hydrogen, and presents the experimental results of the authors as well as the data of other investigators. The authors do not pretend to have given an exhaustive treatment of all aspects of this basic problem since many of the questions touched on here are under investigation in solid state physics and various fields of physical chemistry. v THE FOLLOWING SOVIET JOURNALS CITED IN THIS BOOK ARE AVAILABLE IN COVER-TO-COVER TRANSLATION Russian Title English Title Publisher Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR Proceedings of the Academy of Consultants Bureau Sciences of the USSR, Section: Chemistry Bulletin of the Academy of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR: Consultants Bureau Otdelenie khimicheskikh nauk Sciences of the USSR: Division of Chemical Sciences Stal' Stal (In English) Iron and Steel Institute Uspekhi khimii Russian Chemical Reviews The Chemical Society (London) Zavodskaya laboratoriya Industrial Laboratory Instrument Society of America Zhurnal analiticheskoi khimii Journal of Analytical Chemistry Consultants Bureau USSR Zhurnal fizicheskoi khimii Russian Journal of Physical The Chemical Society (London) Chemistry Zhurnal obshchei khimii Journal of General Chemistry Consultants Bureau USSR Zhurnal prikladnoi khimii Journal of Applied Chemistry Consultants Bureau USSR Zhurnal tekhnicheskoi fiziki Soviet Physics - Technical American Institute of Physics Physics CONTENTS xi Introduction ¿¿. . ¿¿. ¿. ¿. ¿¿¿. . ¿¿. ¿. ¿. ¿¿¿¿¿¿. ¿¿. ¿. .

I. Certain Aspects of the Electrocrystallization of Metals.- II. The Hydrogenation of Metals.- The Adsorption of Hydrogen and Other Gases on Metals.- Gas Diffusion in Metals.- The Effect of Temperature.- The Effect of Pressure.- The Effect of the Surface State.- The Effect of Alloying Substances.- The Effect of Deposit Structure.- Real Crystals and the Mechanism of Gas Diffusion through Metals.- The Solubility of Hydrogen in Metals.- III. Methods of Studying the Hydrogenation of Electrolytic Deposits.- The Method of Vacuum Heating.- The Rheometer Method.- The Molten Metal Method.- The Method of Deformation of the Metallic Cathode.- IV. The Effect of Various Factors on the Hydrogenation of the Metallic Deposit.- The Effect of the Nature of the Metal.- The Effect of Current Density.- The Effect of Temperature.- The Effect of the pH of the Electrolyte.- The Effect of the Structure of the Metal.- V. The Rate of Evolution of Hydrogen and the Mechanism of Its Occlusion in the Deposit.- VI. The Effect of Hydrogenation on the Overvoltage for Metal Deposition.- VII. The Adsorption of Surface-Active Substances in Electrodeposition.- The Adsorption of Surface-Active Substances in the Electrodeposition of Silver from Nitrate Solutions.- The Adsorption of Alcohols in the Electrodeposition of Zinc.- The Effect of the Conditions of Electrolysis and the Nature of the Surface-Active Substance on the Rate of Adsorption of the Latter on the Electrode Surface.- VIII. Methods for Measuring and Evaluating Internal Stresses.- Method of Deformation of a Glass Bulb (Mills Method).- The Method of Cathode Bending.- The Spiral Contractometer of Brenner and Senderoff.- The Strain Gauge Method.- The X-Ray Method of Determining Internal Stress.- IX. The Effect of Various Factors on the Internal Stress.- The Effect of the Nature of the Deposited Metal.- The Effect of the Nature and State of the Base.- The Variation in Internal Stress after Cutting Off the Current.- The Variation of the Internal Stress with the Deposit Depth.- The Effect of Current Density.- The Effect of Temperature.- The Effect of the Acidity of the Electrolyte.- The Effect of Foreign Salts.- The Effect of Surface-Active Substances.- The Effect of Fluctuating Current.- The Effect of a Reversing Current.- The Effect of an Intermittent Current.- X. The Origin of the Internal Stress.- The Alteration in Lattice Parameters.- The Alteration in the Distance between Crystals.- The Alteration in Crystal Dimensions.- The Formation of Chemical Compounds.- XI. The Internal Stress and Porosity of the Electrolytic Deposit.- The Effect of the Base and the Preliminary Treatment.- The Effect of the Structure and Depth of the Deposit.- The Effect of Current Density.- The Effect of Surface-Active Substances.- The Effect of an Alternating or Reversing Current on the Internal Stress and Porosity.- The Effect of Temperature and Electrolyte Composition.- Canal Pores.- XII. Adhesion and the Internal Stress in the Electrolytic Deposit.- XIII. The Mechanical Properties of the Electrolytic Deposit.- The Hardness of the Electrolytic Deposit.- The Effect of Current Density.- The Effect of Temperature.- The Effect of the Electrolyte Composition.- The Effect of Alloying Metals.- The Effect of Surface-Active Substances.- The Effect of Alternating and Reversing Currents.- The Effect of Ultrasonic Waves.- The Cause of Hardness.- XIV. The Relation between Internal Stress, Hardness, and Elasticity.- XV. The Effect of Electrochemical Treatment on Brittleness.- The Effect of Preliminary Treatment on the Brittleness of a Metal.- The Effect of Current Density.- The Effect of the Composition of the Solution.- The Effect of the Time of Polarization.- The Effect of the Time of Storage.- The Effect of Electrolytic Deposit on Brittleness.- XVI. The Effect of the Electrolytic Deposit on Fatigue, Strength, and Durability.